Tuples, Lists, Sets

Apart from complex data types such as maps and records, LIGO also features tuples, lists and sets.

Tuples

Tuples gather a given number of values in a specific order and those values, called components, can be retrieved by their index (position). Probably the most common tuple is the pair. For example, if we were storing coordinates on a two dimensional grid we might use a pair [x, y] to store the coordinates x and y. There is a specific order, so [y, x] is not equal to [x, y] in general. The number of components is part of the type of a tuple, so, for example, we cannot add an extra component to a pair and obtain a triple of the same type: [x, y] has always a different type from [x, y, z], whereas [y, x] might have the same type as [x, y].

Like records, tuple components can be of arbitrary types.

Defining Tuples

Unlike a record, tuple types do not have to be defined before they can be used. However below we will give them names by type aliasing.

type full_name = [string, string]; // Alias

let full_name: full_name = ["Alice", "Johnson"];

Destructuring

If we want to get the first and last name of the full_name type, we can use destructuring. Destructuring a tuple allows you to give names to the elements inside the tuple.

let [first_name, last_name]: full_name = full_name;

This also works in functions:

let first_name = ([first_name, _]: full_name):string => first_name;

let alice = first_name(full_name);

Notice that we use the underscore to indicate that we ignore the last element of the tuple.

Accessing Components

Accessing the components of a tuple in OCaml is achieved by pattern matching. LIGO currently supports tuple patterns only in the parameters of functions, not in pattern matching. However, we can access components by their position in their tuple, which cannot be done in OCaml. Tuple components are zero-indexed, that is, the first component has index 0.

let first_name: string = full_name[0];

Lists

Lists are linear collections of elements of the same type. Linear means that, in order to reach an element in a list, we must visit all the elements before (sequential access). Elements can be repeated, as only their order in the collection matters. The first element is called the head, and the sub-list after the head is called the tail. For those familiar with algorithmic data structure, you can think of a list a stack, where the top is written on the left.

💡 Lists are needed when returning operations from a smart contract's main function.

Defining Lists

let empty_list: list<int> = list([]);

let my_list: list<int> = list([1, 2, 2]); // The head is 1

Adding to Lists

Lists can be augmented by adding an element before the head (or, in terms of stack, by pushing an element on top). This operation is usually called consing in functional languages.

In JsLIGO, the cons operator is infix and noted , .... It is not symmetric: on the left lies the element to cons, and, on the right, a list on which to cons.

let larger_list: list<int> = list([5, ...my_list]); // [5,1,2,2]

Accessing list element

You cannot access element directly in list but you can access the first element, the head or the rest of the list, the tail. The two function to access those are List.head_opt and List.tail_opt

let head: option<int> = List.head_opt(my_list); // 1

let tail: option<list<int>> = List.tail_opt(my_list); // [2,2]

However, the canonical way to destructure lists is using pattern matching.

Functional Iteration over Lists

A functional iterator is a function that traverses a data structure and calls in turn a given function over the elements of that structure to compute some value. Another approach is possible in PascaLIGO: loops (see the relevant section).

There are three kinds of functional iterations over LIGO lists: the iterated operation, the map operation (not to be confused with the map data structure) and the fold operation.

Iterated Operation over Lists

The first, the iterated operation, is an iteration over the list with a unit return value. It is useful to enforce certain invariants on the element of a list, or fail.

For example you might want to check that each value inside of a list is within a certain range, and fail otherwise. The predefined functional iterator implementing the iterated operation over lists is called List.iter.

In the following example, a list is iterated to check that all its elements (integers) are strictly greater than 3.

let iter_op = (l: list<int>): unit => {

let predicate = (i: int): unit => assert(i > 3);

List.iter(predicate, l);

};

Mapped Operation over Lists

We may want to change all the elements of a given list by applying to them a function. This is called a map operation, not to be confused with the map data structure. The predefined functional iterator implementing the mapped operation over lists is called List.map and is used as follows.

let increment = (i: int): int => i + 1;

// Creates a new list with all elements incremented by 1

let plus_one: list<int> = List.map(increment, larger_list);

Folded Operation over Lists

A folded operation is the most general of iterations. The folded function takes two arguments: an accumulator and the structure element at hand, with which it then produces a new accumulator. This enables having a partial result that becomes complete when the traversal of the data structure is over. Folding can be done in two ways, labelled with the directions left and right. One way to tell them apart is to look where the folded function, and the fold itself, keep the accumulator in their signatures. Take for example a function f, a list [1; 2; 3; 4; 5], and an accumulator that's just an empty list. A rough approximation of the result of a left fold would look like f(f(f(f(f([], 1), 2), 3), 4), 5), while a right fold would instead look like f(1, f(2, f(3, f(4, f(5, []))))).

The left fold operation has a function signature of List.fold_left (a -> x -> a) -> a -> x list -> a, while the right fold operation has List.fold_right (x -> a -> a) -> x list -> a -> a. Here is an example of their use.

let sum = ([result, i]: [int, int]): int => result + i;

let sum_of_elements: int = List.fold (sum, my_list, 0);

Sets

Sets are unordered collections of values of the same type, like lists are ordered collections. Like the mathematical sets and lists, sets can be empty and, if not, elements of sets in LIGO are unique, whereas they can be repeated in a list.

Empty Sets

In JsLIGO, the empty set is denoted by the predefined value Set.empty.

let my_set: set<int> = Set.empty;

Non-empty Sets

let my_set: set<int> =

Set.add(3, Set.add(2, Set.add(2, Set.add(1, Set.empty as set<int>))));

You can check that 2 is not repeated in my_set by using the LIGO compiler like this (the output will sort the elements of the set, but that order is not significant for the compiler):

ligo evaluate-expr

gitlab-pages/docs/language-basics/src/sets-lists-tuples/sets.jsligo my_set

# Outputs: { 3 ; 2 ; 1 }

Set Membership

In JsLIGO, the predefined predicate Set.mem tests for membership in a set as follows:

let contains_3: bool = Set.mem(3, my_set);

Cardinal of Sets

The predefined function Set.size returns the number of elements in a given set as follows.

let cardinal: nat = Set.size(my_set);

Updating Sets

There are two ways to update a set, that is to add or remove from it.

In JsLIGO, we can use the predefined functions Set.add and Set.remove. We update a given set by creating another one, with or without some elements.

let larger_set: set<int> = Set.add(4, my_set);

let smaller_set: set<int> = Set.remove(3, my_set);

Functional Iteration over Sets

A functional iterator is a function that traverses a data structure and calls in turn a given function over the elements of that structure to compute some value. Another approach is possible in PascaLIGO: loops (see the relevant section).

There are three kinds of functional iterations over LIGO maps: the iterated operation, the mapped operation (not to be confused with the map data structure) and the folded operation.

Iterated Operation

The first, the iterated operation, is an iteration over the map with no return value: its only use is to produce side-effects. This can be useful if for example you would like to check that each value inside of a map is within a certain range, and fail with an error otherwise.

The predefined functional iterator implementing the iterated operation over sets is called Set.iter. In the following example, a set is iterated to check that all its elements (integers) are greater than 3.

let iter_op = (s: set<int>): unit => {

let predicate = (i: int): unit => assert(i > 3);

Set.iter(predicate, s);

};

Folded Operation

A folded operation is the most general of iterations. The folded function takes two arguments: an accumulator and the structure element at hand, with which it then produces a new accumulator. This enables having a partial result that becomes complete when the traversal of the data structure is over. The predefined fold over sets is called Set.fold, however an additional function, Set.fold_right, has been added to properly conform to the function signature of OCaml's Set.fold operation, and it has the function signature Set.fold_right (x -> a -> a) -> x Set -> a -> a.

let sum = ([acc, i]: [int, int]): int => acc + i;

let sum_of_elements: int = Set.fold(sum, my_set, 0);