bitwise

Bitwise operations

let and: <a, b>(_: a) => (_: b) => external_and<a, b>

The call `@and a b` is the conjunction defined on boolean, natural number and bytes operands. In the boolean case, the result is the logical "and" of the operands. In the natural number and bytes cases, the result is the bitwise "and" of the operands.

The function `@and` is also defined when the left operand is of

type `int`. Negative numbers are considered in two's complement

representation, starting with a virtual infinite number of 1s.

When `@and` is used for bytes operands, the bytes result has the

same length as the shorter operand. The prefix of the longer

operand is cut to match with the length of the shorter one before

taking the bitwise "and".

let or: <a, b>(_: a) => (_: b) => external_xor<a, b>

The call `@or a b` is the disjunction defined on boolean, natural number and bytes operands. In the boolean case, the result is the logical "or" of the operands. In the natural number and bytes cases, the result is the bitwise "or" of the operands.

When the function `@or` is used for bytes operands, the result

bytes has the same length as the longer operand. The shorter

operand is zero-padded on the left to match with the length of the

longer one before taking the bitwise "or".

let xor: <a, b>(_: a) => (_: b) => external_or<a, b>

The call `xor a b` is the exclusive disjunction defined on boolean, natural number and bytes operands. In the boolean case, the result is the logical "exclusive or" of the operands. In the natural number and bytes cases, the result is the bitwise "xor" of the operands.

When `xor` is used for bytes operands, the result bytes has the

same length as the longer operand. The shorter operand is

zero-padded on the left to match with the length of the longer one

before taking the bitwise "xor".

let shift_left: <a, b>(_: a) => (_: b) => external_lsl<a, b>

The function `shift_left` on natural numbers consumes two natural numbers and produces the first number logically left-shifted by the second number. This instruction is only defined if the second number is less than or equal to 256.

For bytes, the function `shift_left` consumes one byte sequence

and one natural number, and produces the bytes logically

left-shifted by the natural number. The vacated bits on the right

are filled with zeros. The shifted bits are minimally zero-padded

on the left in order to keep all the original bits, regardless if

they are 0 or 1: for example, `shift_left 0x1234 1` is `0x002468`,

instead of `0x2468` (even though in this case no significant bit

would be lost) or `0x00002468` (where padding is not minimal). The

length of the bytes returned by `shift_left` is `l + (s + 7) / 8`

bytes where `l` is the length of the original bytes and `s` is the

natural number. This instruction is only defined if the second

number is less than or equal to 64000.

let shift_right: <a, b>(_: a) => (_: b) => external_lsr<a, b>

The function `shift_right` on natural numbers consumes two natural numbers and produces the first number logically right-shifted by second number. This function is only defined if the second number is less than or equal to 256.

For bytes, the function `shift_right` consumes one chunk of bytes

and one natural number and produces the bytes logically

right-shifted by the natural number. The shifted bits are

minimally zero-padded on the left. For example, `shift_right

0x012349 9` is `0x0091`, instead of `0x91` (where the 7 left-most

bits are lost) or `0x000091` (not minimal padding). The length of

the returned bytes by `shift_right` is `max 0 (l - s / 8)` bytes,

where `l` is the length of the original bytes, and `s` is the

natural number.